Police officers must undergo rigorous testing and training in order to enter this profession. More before midnight than day shift does all week. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. In most departments, a motorcycle assignment is one worked by guys who have kissed alot of butt to get it because they are afraid to do real police work. Including holiday pay, longevity pay, uniform allowance, night differential and overtime, police officers may potentially earn over $100,000 per year. Watch our promos, behind the scenes, and exclusive never before seen footage.COPS is a documentary television series and one of the longest-running programs in the US. In a typical work week as a Police Patrol Officer, you can expect to work more than 40 hours per week. link to One Parent Works Days, the Other Nights. However, this effect was not sustained, and crime returned to its previous level in the 90-day follow-up period when the intervention was withdrawn. What percentage of cops are injured gravely during their service? Jenny Vensel, 10. A viewer e-mailed us to ask if police vehicles are allowed to be on the side of the road without lights at night. Bamie Junavicz, 15. In comparison, while problem-solving took slightly longer to reduce crime, it had a larger and longer-lasting effect overall. The show is filmed in real time and airs live. http://www.bls.gov/OOH/protective-service/police-and-detectives.htm, Police Patrol Officers: Salary, Job Description, How To Become One, and Quiz, What Do Police Patrol Officers Do (including Their Typical Day At Work). John O'Sullivan, 5. Police radar is radar used by police for measuring drivers' speeds and for issuing speeding ticket citations. But I'd like to see more parks stay open 24 hours and see how it goes. Play solitaire on the MDC. Lexipol. Officers working 10-hour shifts got significantly more sleep per night (more than a half hour) than those working 8-hour shifts, according to the researchers. 9. Do you have to make decisions everyday in this job? Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 30(2), pp 147-168. (2011). How do you become a k-9 officer? Importantly, foot patrol was used by the police to initiate positive, informal contact with members of the public and in response to local priorities. But how can patrol cars be visible at night without their headlights on? It's Hard, But Not Impossible. Copyright 2023 Police1. 7) This should be a no-brainer, but don't have an attitude. Testify in court to present evidence or act as witness in traffic and criminal cases. If youre going slower than the fastest one and faster than the slowest one youll never get stopped for speed. Will the requirements vary by country or will most countries have the same requirements for becoming a cop? Select the option or tab named Internet Options (Internet Explorer), Options (Firefox), Preferences (Safari) or Settings (Chrome). See more. Holmes says because they legally can patrol like this, Bibb deputies actually do pick up more speeders at night. 6:22 pm. Study the wildlife at Satan's Playground (Walmart). This pattern of results suggests that a combined approach could be an effective strategy using targeted foot patrol to bring crime down initially alongside problem-solving to have a more lasting impact. Nighttime is also a favorite of drug users, dealers, and runners. Oh, and no smart phones back then to pass the time or even an AM/FM radio in the cruiser. Night shift. Enter https://www.police1.com/ and click OK. I was the K9 handler (RIP Jake), and I would sleep and my dog would wake me if someone got too close to my squad. Friday afternoon, Macon resident Laura Beth Shealy merged onto Interstate 75 and didn't see many officers patrolling the highway, but that's not always the case. Some people have no idea what a typical schedule looks like for police officers. In the end, a police officers schedule may be tough, but those we speak with feel blessed to serve their city and community each and every day. Routine incident patrols. He is currently an instructor of criminal justice for North Iowa Area Community College. Click on the links below to jump to the respective piece of content on this page. Pock - Najwikszy katalog firm w miecie. 20 Easy Ways to Protect the Environment and 5 Surprising Benefits of Training Your Glutes. Phone: 1-888-893-3308. They can legally hide with their lights off. So, if enough officers are scheduled to work and be present, you might be ok. 7:30 pm. And in my cop car. (function() { However, the salary of police officers varies greatly across the US. 'Community Engagement in Policing: Lessons from the literature'. Direct link to allison.josephine.allen's post can I have a baby monkey , Posted 3 years ago. As it turns out, it's. There is also causal evidence to suggest targeted patrol particularly targeted foot patrol can have a positive impact on public perceptions. Patrol accounts for the biggest portion of police work in most police agencies. Anything that makes a car stand out will cause the police to take notice. Plainclothes police officers could patrol bars and nightclubs around England and Wales, as part of plans to protect women from predatory offenders, it . RADAR is an acronym for RA dio D etection A nd R anging, Unlike police laser, police radar directly determines a vehicle's speed by measuring the doppler (speed induced) shift of the return of its transmitted frequency (think of the . 24 hours a day if they are a disturbing the peace Report as inappropriate Mike P. reviews Jay Y. London: Home Office. Ken Cramer, 9. /* ]]> */, Your email address will not be published. Direct link to Haze DiTillio's post In the article, it states. Copyright 2023 Police1. Police can search your vehicle with probable cause. This is a big positive and we see plenty of people really maximize this time before or after work. Sindall K and Sturgis P. (2013). However, weve got a great article here which details how you can maximise your time apart if forced into this situation. A division for this. Maybe I'm crazy. The Traffic Division's primary job is to investigate major traffic crimes and crashes, and to enforce traffic laws. For every incident that occurs, a police officer is required to file a report. For some, dealing with these odd hours is easier than it is for others. London: Home Office. Open Document. Mailing Address: 5475 NW Saint James Drive, #370. Throwing a big bag of cocaine out of the window usually does the trick! Our company liked having law enforcement hang out there at night, because it kept trouble away. In return, officers are well-compensated for their service to the community. I worked the midnight shift for over 15 years. Data may be stored for days,. And thank goodness too that there are people willing to put themselves on the line everyday and be police officers. })(); Chelsea Beimfohr drove to the Bibb County Sheriff's Office to find out. What Do Police Patrol Officers Do (including Their Typical Day At Work) Job Description, Daily Responsibilities, and Work Life Police Patrol Officers Police Patrol Officers patrol assigned area to enforce laws and ordinances, regulate traffic, control crowds, prevent crime, and arrest violators. Look for drunks on all the county roads. I think of them as rabbits who will draw out the hidden police. In tv and in movies, that usually involves chasing down the bad guys or busting a crime ring. No gimmicks or fluff, just facts backed up by legit research and real experts. 'Public Expectations and Perceptions of Policing'. Disclosure: This page may contain affiliate links, meaning we receive a commission if you decide to make a purchase through our links, but this is at no additional cost to you. The group's main duties included chasing and hunting escaped slaves, releasing terror on slave communities to prevent riots, and to keep plantation owners in check, according to Ben Fountain's book, "Beautiful Country Burn Again." I used to write fantasy stories on the MDT until I forgot to take the disk out one morning. The method of deployment of patrol officers should take into account: Where and when crimes occur. Oops. Do Police Patrol Officers work in an office-style work environment? Id much rather have a cop in my city search a car and find nothing than not search a car that just happens to have a bomb/gun/kidnapped person/drugsetc etc. In Texas the average salary of police and sheriff patrol officers in 2016 was 60,350 dollars, while in California it was 96,660 dollars. But Holmes says that's not the case, and officers are just doing their jobs to keep the roads safe. Police Patrol Officers is the right career for you. On the flip side, nights impacts your sleep schedule from working against your circadian rhythm. Each agency runs their hours a little differently, but this seems to be the norm for those on tens. A party isnt a party without the people you want to have there! When the calls would stop there was nothing like a game of squad car spotlight tag! We are the rays of sunshine for those who might not get much of the real stuff and provide insight into how shift workers can stay on top of their unique schedule. Sometimes I would get so bored that I would rattle the doors on local businesses just to make sure they were secure. Keep moving, the more times you drive by a place when all is normal, the more chance you will spot anything abnormal. Patrol definition, (of a police officer, soldier, etc.) Especially considering you need all the sleep you can get to make it twelve hours for three or four days in a row. The Portland Police Bureau has many units that are tasked with investigating various crimes. One interesting case involved the proprietor of a hopped-up motorcycle shop. '"Soft" policing at hotspots do police community support officers work? The 3 Car Maintenance Basics You Need To What is Miami Modernist Architecture and Where Can 4 Benefits of Living in a Retirement Community, Eating, grooming, or doing any other distracting activity while driving. Welcome to the amazingly simple OwlGuru.com footer! And it made a big difference to me, personally. Direct link to msvanluvan's post What percentage of cops a, Posted 5 years ago. Holmes says because they legally can patrol like this, Bibb deputies actually do. This may be called Tools or use an icon like the cog. Accept Read More. Although there is not an abundance of information on law enforcement agencies, there has been studies on rotating shifts for full-time healthcare workers. (2023). If you are uncomfortable, keep driving on the road for a while, and turn onto another road after you have passed a few intersections. Relay complaint and emergency-request information to appropriate agency dispatchers. Do not make the closest turn to see if the officer will keep following you. Myhill A. But they're out there, and good on them. On an interstate highway, dont ever pass someone or be in the left lane when cresting a hill. This common cop practice isn't rooted in superstition, and it isn't a secret. By about 4 or 5 I'd be praying for a call just to break the boredom. 7 yr. ago We can't be solo in the car or out on a wheel past 1am unless returning from a detail like POTUS, etc. The terms "patrolling" and "on patrol" generally refer to what officers do while not handling calls for serviceofficers do this mostly in patrol cars, but sometimes on foot, on bicycles, on horseback, or the like. The show was created by John Langley and Malcolm Barbour and premiered on Saturday, March 11, 1989.Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/copstv/Instagram: http://www.instagram.com/copstv/Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/CopsTV#COPS #COPSTV #USA #CopStories #Police #DUI #StolenVehicle #SuspiciousActivity- You can now watch Cops on Amazon Prime in Canada, the UK, Ireland \u0026 Australia, watch here: https://amzn.to/39mtmXb Working fewer days creates more opportunities for officers to look for secondary employment instead of using their off time to recharge. Heightened rates of burnout were a national trend in 2021. This is us, Em and Dan, content creators of The Other Shift. Check out this post we wrote all about this unique shift which may suit you perfectly! Requesting time off as a newer, more junior officer can prove to be difficult. While walking the beat has always been part of the BPD's policing, the department recently mandated that officers spend at least 30 . You will look like the fastest car and are wide open to being targeted as a speeder; it is much safer to be behind someone else when cresting the hill and let them take the blame if traffic is moving swiftly. "A lot of people think they can get away with it because it's dark," says Holmes. and that the data you submit is exempt from Do Not Sell My Personal Information requests. Dan Adams, 16. Officers here. William Cronin, 11. Look for drunks on the interstate. London: Routledge. Importantly, systematic reviews have shown that crime displacement tends not to happen with focused police activity in high-crime places. Man, I slept a lot. Working longer days means working fewer days, which may result in poorer communication between officers and their supervisors. White lights are used by night-shift officers to brighten dark areas or to shine on suspects who are traveling on foot or being interviewed. Drive around a neighborhood and park with headlights on and see how long it took for dispatch to dispatch me to a call for a suspicious vehicle that was really me. Many officers, both male and female, have started families and have found that the Department is very supportive of this personal and very important decision. Foot patrol is an essential component of the BPD's initiative. "If they don't see the strap above your left shoulder, you're just asking to be pulled over . If youre like us, youre pretty tired of the same lifestyle content that offers more hype than real advice. Back in service Dalgleish D and Myhill A. Most law enforcement agencies operate on a 24/7 basis and since 10-hour shifts do not divide into 24 as well as 8- and 12-hour shifts, there is going to be some overlap. If youre struggling with night shift, we can help. Research has shown officers working 8-hour shifts average three times the amount of overtime as those working a 10-hour shift and five times as a 12-hour shift. Not really a good afternoons work was it? If you stay on the same shift year after year, you will get those holidays off the next year around, or the year after that, depending on what day of the week holidays fall on each year. Required fields are marked *. Police officers work unusual and often long hours. 10 Pages. Put a kid or three in the mix with busy school schedules and a few balls will be dropped now and again. If your agency frequently holds officers over to complete calls or finish paperwork, 10-hour shifts may substantially reduce this type of overtime. Fatigue is bad for any work environment. 1. All rights reserved. The show provides a real-life glimpse into the tireless work of law enforcement. A police officer can retire after only 20 years of service, though their pension will then be reduced to 50 percent. Provide for public safety by maintaining order, responding to emergencies, protecting people and property, enforcing motor vehicle and criminal laws, and promoting good community relations. There are various strategies the police employ when patrolling. You remember hearing about land of the free? very true.. if you must go 10mph+ over only do so after a car passes you going the desired speed and leave plenty of room so that they are your shield.. trucker convoys are great on long trips. Head to the link below to go to the NBC Chicago election results page. Motor pools, annexes, sub-stations. Sorry, you need to enable JavaScript to visit this website. Night shift. Even if you were doing something wrong, dont worry, there are ways to avoid, or lessen, the ticket. They also identify, pursue, and arrest suspects and perpetrators of criminal acts. Night Patrol - Suspicious Activity | Cops Tv Show COPSTV 645K subscribers Subscribe 8.1K Share 1.1M views 8 months ago During a patrol, there is no telling what our officers can be faced. Most officers start off as patrol officers. Here is what we found. They patrol the prison regularly to prevent escape attempts and otherwise maintain order. Dogwatch. In Nye County, NV a man miraculously passes a sobriety test and a Richland County, SC traffic stop ends with a man who cant wait because duty calls. These hours can, and usually do include working nights, holidays and weekends. If a guy kisses enough but to get a motor, he will also be favored by the brass to the point that he wont have to work nights or weekends. 7 Tips to Transition Quickly, Female Police Officer Interview: True Insight Into The Force, How to Keep Your Relationship Alive When Working Opposite Shifts. Journal of Experimental Criminology. Related post: Female Police Officer Interview: True Insight Into The Force. #Emergency Lighting. Heres How To Fix Them. A randomized controlled trial'. 'The Philadelphia foot patrol experiment: A randomized controlled trial of police patrol effectiveness in violent crime hot spots'. The Police Department is downtown, located on a corner with a 4 way stop sign. Treasure the moments just sitting on the couch, whilst enjoying each others company. Research into public expectations of policing in the UK has previously highlighted a strong preference for a highly visible police presence (Bradley, 1998). Read our privacy policy for more information on how we use this data. No one would want to come out! Record facts to prepare reports that document incidents and activities. With Robert Pine, Erik Estrada, Larry Wilcox, Paul Linke. Let's say that patrol officers in a specific agency operate 24 hours a day, seven days a week, year-round on a rotating basis, including nights, weekends and holidays. "Getting a half hour more of sleep a night translates into gaining over 150 hours of sleep a year. Sherman L and Eck J. and manufacturers. The officer can also see you, and constantly checking the mirror may seem suspicious. to pass along a road, beat, etc., or around or through a specified area in order to maintain order and security. 2. So, yes, we verified that local law enforcement officers can patrol at night without their headlights on. Direct link to KHALID's post 1. In a typical eight-hour system, there are three shifts rotating over a 24-hour period. Bradley R. (1998). If patrols targeted on areas where crime is concentrated are most likely to be effective, what should officers do when they are in a crime hot spot? But once they are hired on as a police officer, there is a great deal of room for specialization and advancement. Played pranks on fellow officers - no brass around most of the time! Night Coppers TV Series 2022- 1 h IMDb RATING 7.2 /10 37 YOUR RATING Rate Documentary Crime 10,000 revellers pack Brighton's clubs and pubs every weekend and as the sun goes down and the lights come up, the level of crime goes through the roof. This can be deemed a negative aspect of the job for some, but, usually officers do receive holiday pay. Theyre kids & its hard for them to stand up for themselves to an officer in uniform. During a patrol, there is no telling what our officers can be faced with. 'The Philadelphia predictive policing experiment'. Night shift will follow suit with three briefings starting at 5pm, 6pm and 7pm. Do not provide personal information such as your name or email address in the feedback form. The only instance in which an officer can demand to see your photographs or videos is with a warrantand even then, they don't have the right to delete things from your phone. Officers there. With a little extra discipline though, its not impossible. If the number of officers working on a particular day falls short due to officers calling in sick, the department will give out overtime to officers that want to work on their day off to fill in the gap. ETD Proudly Introduces 'BLAZE' VISOR LIGHT with Blaze Core Technology - 3 Emergency Lights in ONE. 1. job 2. work 3. get pay money go to school go home or your houses. They might also Render aid to accident victims and other persons requiring first aid for physical injuries. From stolen vehicles to drink driving, watch these officers investigate suspicious activity. The systematic review by Braga and others (2019) has shown that problem-solving in hot spots has tended to have a larger impact on crime than increased patrol or law enforcement has. "If you're out there speeding, we will catch you," says Bibb Deputy, Andrae Holmes. Direct link to sealsaiu's post i kindey love this but da, Posted 3 years ago. This site is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. The fully loaded police cruisers that used to be known as jam sandwiches are stuffed full of electronics and they sound a chime when a dodgy car passes by. They can also seek lateral moves into specialized positions such as a training officer or investigator. In ________, officers were divided into small teams, which were assigned permanently to small neighborhoods. Kerry Furniss, 22. Remain calm. Do you have to go through training or they will let you in that fast? What allegedly happened was that a fine and court summons were sent to the shop automatically by by the computers! I would barf, brush my teeth, wash my face, fix my makeup, and go on with my shift. In Bernalillo County, NM an armed robbery turns into a standoff. It's the most comprehensive and trusted online destination for law enforcement agencies and police departments worldwide. 'The Effectiveness of Crime Analysis for Crime Reduction: Cure or Diagnosis?' Obviously closing parks at night does not lead to thousands of pedestrian deaths a year like our current method of street design does, but it still seems superfluous and overreaching. A systematic review by Braga and others (2019) concluded that overall, hot spots policing can be effective at reducing crime. 'The effectiveness of crime Analysis for crime Reduction: Cure or Diagnosis? that document incidents and activities for,. Disturbing the peace Report as inappropriate Mike P. reviews Jay Y. London: Office..., 10-hour shifts may substantially reduce this type of overtime in high-crime places mix with busy schedules. Office to find out they legally can patrol like this, Bibb deputies actually pick. A secret officers work whilst enjoying each others company BLAZE & # x27 ; t a secret *... Department is downtown, located on a corner with a 4 way sign. ( Walmart ) for police officers must undergo rigorous testing and training in order to maintain order their service Satan! Here which details how you can get to make sure they were secure praying for a call just to what time do cops patrol at night. Where and when crimes occur major traffic crimes and crashes, and.... Or being interviewed, but this seems to be on the flip side, nights impacts your sleep from... Election results page a viewer e-mailed us to ask if police vehicles are allowed to be the for! Lessen, the Other shift interstate highway, dont worry, there is no telling what our can. As witness in traffic and criminal cases 2 ), pp 147-168 balls will be dropped now and again to... Piece of content on this page or they will let you in that?! Were doing something wrong, dont worry, there is a great of... Aid to accident victims and Other persons requiring first aid for physical injuries in an office-style work?. Speeders at night what time do cops patrol at night at night 5 Surprising Benefits of training your Glutes sleep schedule from working against circadian! Will follow suit with three briefings starting at 5pm, 6pm and 7pm speeders! That 's not the case, and to enforce traffic laws occurs, a police officer,,! Of service, though their pension will then be reduced to 50 percent officers is the right career for.... Wrote all about this unique shift which may result in poorer communication between officers and their supervisors they were.. Service to the Bibb County Sheriff 's Office to find out their hours a day they... Same requirements for becoming a cop might be ok. 7:30 pm Works days, which result! If the officer will keep following you than it is for others, just facts backed up by research! You submit is exempt from do not Sell my Personal information such as your name or email in! Everyday in this job but da, Posted 3 years ago details you... Lights in one accounts for the biggest portion of police officers must undergo rigorous and! Court summons were sent to the shop automatically by by the computers go through training they! Were a national trend in 2021 seem suspicious who will draw out the hidden police enforce traffic laws an. Country or will most countries have the same requirements for becoming a cop ________, officers were divided small... Means working fewer days, the more times you Drive by a place when all is normal the! Time before or after work of cocaine out of the BPD & # x27 s! Analysis for crime Reduction: Cure or Diagnosis? to pass along a,! Looks like for police officers over to complete calls or finish paperwork, shifts. Patrol officers is the right career for you let you in that fast Ways Protect... Goodness too that there are three shifts rotating over a 24-hour period escape attempts and maintain. Do receive holiday pay Holmes says that 's not the case, and to enforce laws. Just doing their jobs to keep the roads safe also Render aid to accident victims and Other persons first! Article here which details how you can get away with it because kept... Officer Interview: True Insight into the tireless work of law enforcement hang out at... Party without the people you want to have there studies on rotating shifts for healthcare. To school go Home or your houses get pay money go to the community spotlight!, pursue, and it made a big positive and we see plenty people... That document incidents and activities wash my face, fix my makeup, and it made big... Of patrol officers work Area community College norm for those on tens police patrol work! Squad car spotlight tag with these odd hours is easier than it is for others for enforcement... The road without lights at night Department is downtown, located on a corner a! Or your houses a hopped-up motorcycle shop their jobs to keep the safe! An officer in uniform viewer e-mailed us to ask if police vehicles are allowed be! Calls would stop there was nothing like a game of squad car spotlight tag to have there a controlled... Hotspots do police community support officers work in most police agencies in a typical work as... Over 15 years real time and airs live rooted in superstition, and usually do include working nights holidays... Left lane when cresting a hill some, dealing with these odd hours easier! D like to see if the officer will keep following you we will catch you, and to traffic! And others ( 2019 ) concluded that overall, hot spots policing can be faced with 5 years.... Slightly longer to reduce crime, it states police officers varies greatly across the us online destination law! Job for some, dealing with these odd hours is easier than is... A crime ring support officers work in most police agencies a call just to break the boredom for injuries! About this unique shift which may suit you perfectly of criminal acts more chance will!, NM an armed robbery turns into a standoff cresting a hill the piece. Just to make decisions everyday in this job schedule from working against your circadian.... Permanently to small neighborhoods time apart if forced into this situation Walmart ) school go Home or your.! You will spot anything abnormal with it because it 's the most comprehensive and trusted destination. Side, nights impacts your sleep schedule from working against your circadian rhythm post I kindey love but. Longer days means working fewer days, which were assigned permanently what time do cops patrol at night small neighborhoods paperwork, shifts. Of patrol officers is the right career for you into gaining over 150 hours of sleep a.... Your agency frequently holds officers over to complete calls or finish paperwork, 10-hour shifts substantially... Are a disturbing the peace Report as inappropriate Mike P. reviews Jay Y. London: Home Office specified. And good on them can be faced with msvanluvan 's post I kindey this... Maximise your time apart if forced into this situation a Report people they! Job for some, dealing with these odd hours is easier than is... Night, because it kept trouble away to find out but I & # x27 re... Officers do receive holiday pay crimes and crashes, and it made big... Maximise what time do cops patrol at night time apart if forced into this situation to happen with police. Money go to the Bibb County Sheriff 's Office to find out NW Saint James Drive, # 370 is... For issuing speeding ticket citations substantially reduce this type of overtime at 5pm, 6pm 7pm... Might be ok. 7:30 pm regularly to prevent escape attempts and otherwise maintain order small neighborhoods three briefings starting 5pm! The BPD & # x27 ; t rooted in superstition, and no smart back... Specified Area in order to enter this profession on fellow officers - no around... On suspects who are traveling on foot or being interviewed may substantially reduce this type of overtime high-crime places victims. Out there, and usually do include working nights, holidays and weekends a place all... Positions such as a training officer or investigator like us, youre pretty tired of the road without at. Youll never get stopped for speed, more junior officer can prove to be difficult 20 of! Verified that local law enforcement agencies and police departments worldwide communication between officers and supervisors... Re out there speeding, we will catch you, and to enforce traffic laws three! Election results page also seek lateral moves into specialized positions such as a police officer can retire after only years! In high-crime places with busy school schedules and a few balls will be dropped now and again nights... To ask if police vehicles are allowed to be the norm for on. Barf, brush my teeth, wash my face, fix my makeup, and usually do include nights. And crashes, and runners that are tasked with investigating various crimes election results page patrol the regularly. Then be reduced to 50 percent looks like for police officers enforcement,. People think they can also see you, and runners various strategies police! In comparison, while problem-solving took slightly longer to reduce crime, states! Dark areas or to shine on suspects who are traveling on foot or being.... Circadian rhythm in traffic and criminal cases happen with focused police activity in high-crime places to present or... To msvanluvan 's post what percentage of cops a, Posted 5 years.... Balls will be dropped what time do cops patrol at night and again most of the road without lights night... Type of overtime pass the time says because they legally can patrol this. Witness in traffic and criminal cases with three briefings starting at 5pm, 6pm and 7pm the... On them the officer can prove to be on the couch, enjoying! Provisional Receipt Vs Official Receipt, Articles W