In what became known as New Spain (present-day Mexico), Hernn Corts (14851547) led Spanish forces against the ancient Aztec empire. Paris remained a stronghold of Catholicism, and on August 23 and 24, 1572, thousands of Protestants were slaughtered in the massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day. Elizabeth was highly educated. Philip's only son, Carlos, was exhibiting bouts of severe mental instability. Yet the treaty was ineffective because the French almost immediately began giving aid to the Netherlands. His strategy called for sending out two armies at once: one across the Alps (a mountain range on the border between Italy and Switzerland) and another across the Pyrenees (a mountain range on the border between France and Spain). When we look at existing monarchies in Europe, following are of German descent: Royal Family of Belgium. The noblemen of Castile opposed the marriage because they knew a strong monarchy would Hotels are a thing in Sri Lanka too and they come in many flavours. Philip's grandson, Louis IX (12141270; ruled 122670), had a long reign. In 613, the Franks were again united by Chlotar II, son of Chilperic, but the effects of the decades of divisions were still felt, undermining the stability of the kingdom and resulting in the escalation of internal struggles. Frederick was expecting James to help him stay on the throne, but James had tried to remain outside the conflict. He did his best to save the fleet, and the Armada sailed north. Philip brushed his reservations aside, insisting that only a man of Medina-Sidonia's stature would be obeyed by the captains of the Armada ships. The third group from North Africa were Muslim Arabs and Berbers (wandering tribes) called Moors. More than 80,000 people were deported. in North America. The original settlers from North Africa were the Iberians, and the area now occupied by Spain and Portugal was named the Iberian Peninsula. At Mhlberg, Germany, however, Charles won his greatest victory over Francis and the Lutheran princes. France allied with the Protestants and against the Austrians and the Spanish. In the aftermath of Marignano, Francis took the duchy of Milan, and Pope Leo X(14751521; reigned 151321) gave him neighboring Parma and Piacenza. Marco Polo. After Henry's death in 1460, the expeditions continued, but the African expeditions were yielding few riches other than slave cargoes. Relations between France and Germany, or Franco-German relations form an integral part of the wider politics of Europe.Both countries are among the founders and the main leading Member states of the European Union and its predecessor the European Communities since its inception in 1958 with the signing of the Treaty of Rome.. General relations between the two countries since 1871, according to . In May 1588 the Spanish Armada set out from Lisbon, but storms forced the fleet into La Corua in northwestern Spain. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. In walking less than five miles, he counted more than eleven hundred Spanish bodies. In the New World, Spanish conquistadors accomplished the "taming of America" by subduing various Native American groups. Ivan the Terrible. Although the monasteries were reported to be corrupt, many historians believe Parliament used this as an excuse, in 1536, to order the smaller houses closed. In 1502 Moriscos were also given the choice of converting to Christianity Once within range of the Armada, the English ships were able to fire their weapons at the Spanish vessels from a relatively safe distance. In February, he completed the Capitulations, an "unholy alliance" with the Ottoman leader Khayr ad-Din (pronounced kigh-ruh-DEEN; d. 1546), who was called Barbarossa by Europeans. This dramatic event came about when the Habsburgs, the royal family that controlled Spain, rejected Mary as the future wife of the fourteen-year-old Charles I, who was to become king of Spain (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). In the late fifteenth century Spain began to focus on the riches to be gained from ocean trade. A middle class, consisting of merchants and bankers, was taking power away from noblemen. They did not share a collective identity or a common culture. Alba initiated an extremely repressive policy. Although Francis had able military advisers, he failed to score a victory. The group Young Italy advocated for. English exploration and discovery began in the previous century, during the reign of Henry VII, when John Cabot made a voyage from Bristol to Nova Scotia (in what is now Canada) in 1497. At the time of the Moorish invasion, Christianity was also the dominant religion on the Iberian Peninsula. In 1483 Torquemada was appointed first inquisitor for all Spanish provinces. The crowning of Charles as king of Spain was the climax of a bitter dispute that resulted from the marriage contract between Ferdinand and Isabella. The ships would stop off the coast of Flanders and pick up the 22,000-man army headed by the duke of Parma. He set up a line of fortified outposts from the Persian Gulf all the way to the Malaccan Strait, the most In the course of the argumentation the actual history of state formation and the gradual emergence of the idea of the state are . After Philip III took the throne in 1598, Spain began going into decline. Carlos also made a shoemaker eat a pair of boots because they were too tight. He reached the continent in November. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. 3. Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. (See "Feudalism" in Chapter 1.) The English colonies, especially in the South, would later establish a plantation economy, producing chiefly tobacco and cotton, that relied heavily on the use of African slaves. In order to reduce the influence of noblemen who had opposed their marriage, the monarchs placed municipal (city) and local governments under royal control. In 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella became leaders in the European The great humanist Thomas More served as his lord chancellor (chief secretary) in the 1530s. In 1568, at the height of his Dutch troubles, Philip experienced several other misfortunes. By the early seventeenth century, however, Spanish people had become convinced that Moriscos were plotting with Muslim and Protestant enemies to overthrow the Catholic state. Yet there was a darker side to the gallant French king. The first successful English colony in North America was Jamestown, Virginia, which was started in 1607 during the reign of Elizabeth's successor, James I. Anglican settlers were later drawn to surrounding areas in Virginia, and in the 1620s Puritan colonists (a Protestant group) sought religious freedom by starting settlements in New England. battles, at Parma and Fuenterrabia, but they were soundly defeated at Ezquiros and Pamplona and driven out of Navarre. Barbarossa fled to Algiers (now Algeria), in North Africa, with the remnant of his fleet. Some contended that conversion was the best policy. During the invasion Charles's troops had sacked Rome and stormed Clement's residence. His compassion and leniency toward his subjects were uncharacteristic of the age, and he did much to improve the cultural life of his country during the Renaissance. From the time he took the throne he had problems with Parliament, which he refused to recognize as the law-making body of England. He gained his release in March 1526 by agreeing to relinquish all claims to Italy and by giving up the duchies of Burgundy, Flanders (now part of Belgium, France, and the Netherlands), and Artois (a region in northern France). allowed Napoleon Bonaparte to establish a totalitarian dictatorship in France. While the French fought on in Naples, the Spaniards moved into other parts of Italy. The ships did not set sail again until July. Those who chose to stay in Spain had to submit to baptism (a ceremony marking admission into the Christian religion) or be put to death. Their efforts were defeated after the king's agents bullied and bribed the majority of Cortes members. The decision to seek a water route resulted in one of the most explosive and significant eras in the history of the world. $49.95 The revolt was distracting Charles's attention, so the French were able to move into Navarre and wage war with Spain. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Tudors reigned over the English Renaissance. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. other religious establishments of the Roman Catholic Church were also considered fiefs. On March 30, 1492, heeding the advice of Torquemada, the king and queen ordered all Jews to leave Spanish territory by July 30. They did not inflict any serious damage, so on August 6 the Armada anchored at Calais (a French town on the Strait of Dover on the Channel) to await reinforcements. During this time Jews not only produced great works of philosophy, poetry, liturgy (texts for worship services), theology (philosophy of religion), and literature, but they also served as the vital intellectual link between the Muslim Middle East and Christian Europe. Germany, Italy land Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories. This movement, led by Hugh O'Neill (c. 15401616), earl of Tyrone, was designed to gain Irish independence from England. Soon after being crowned, she married Philip of Spain (soon to be King Philip II), but Parliament prevented him from taking the English throne along with his wife. Cabot's exploration of Newfoundland, in 1497, yielded sparse information about the new continent's northern-most regions. Philip reasoned that since there were no longer any Capetian male heirs and since he was related to the Capetians through the Valois line of the family, he had the right to be named king. He disliked having Philip, a foreign prince, on a Spanish throne. The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic era. He firmly established the strength of the monarchy by enforcing his royal powers. The English, however, were soundly defeated at every turn by the superior Dutch navy. They also declared that Spain's foreign policy must promote Spanish interests and that the Cortes should meet every three years. Their attempts to conquer and colonize these new lands were the beginning of what is known today as a global economy. Saint Paul's School was founded early in Henry's reign by John Colet, the learned dean (head) of St. Paul's Cathedral. Charles spent his final years as an adviser to Philip, who soon earned the nickname of the "Prudent King" because he made decisions slowly and with great deliberation. Royal Family of Luxembourg (Now Italian House of Bourbon-Parma but historically Germanic House of Nassau) Royal Family of Holland. Charles's spokesmen claimed the troops had moved on Rome against During his last days, some of his advisers attempted to give the throne to Jane Grey (15371554), the king's distant relative and a supporter of Protestant causes. The three main conflicts were the Edwardian War (134060), won by English king Edward III; the Caroline War (136989), won by French king Charles V (13371380; ruled 136480); and the Lancastrian War (141535), won by French king Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261). The uncrowned French king, Charles VII, then took the throne in 1429. An able but somewhat colorless ruler, Henry succeeded in establishing the position of his new dynasty, increasing the efficiency of the government, and enhancing the wealth of the monarchy. Then a powerful stormthe "Great Protestant Wind," as the English called itswept through the Channel and forced the Spanish vessels away from England. After a couple of failed attempts, English settlements were established in Virginia and Massachusetts, later spreading into Maryland and Pennsylvania. Francis openly challenged Charles and Henry for election to the vacant throne of the Holy Roman Empire. By the mid-thirteenth century, the present boundaries of Portugal were established and Lisbon became the capital. Iron. The ships did not set sail again until July. There were two main dynasties that ruled the Franks during the Middle Ages, the Merovingian Dynasty and the Carolingian Dynasty. At the same time, the Portuguese were establishing a colonial presence in Brazil, the easternmost part of the South American continent. By the time Charles died in 1461, the English had been driven from all French territory. Rise of Germany . In 1511 he joined Spain, the Papal States, and Venice in the Holy League, an alliance directed against France to prevent the French from acquiring territory in Italy. Unification was also assured since their heirs were to inherit both Aragon and Castile as a single kingdom. Philip was challenged by Edward III (13121377; ruled 132777) of England, whose mother was the daughter of Philip the Fair. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, these countries were shifting their attention to the riches of the Indies. Joanna retired to a castle in Tordesillas, where she mourned her deceased husband until her own death in 1555. Taking advantage of the civil war between the Orlanists and the Burgundians, Henry invaded France in 1415. The Italian Wars began in 1494, when Charles was asked by the Sforzas, the family that ruled the city-state of Milan, to join them and Swiss mercenaries in seizing Florence from the Medici family (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). Medina-Sidonia realized that staging an invasion was now out of the question. The war between Spain and France continued until 1559, when Italy was placed under Habsburg rule by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis. At the bottom were serfs (peasants), who farmed the fiefs but were not given land of their own. Practicing Jews were segregated and forced to wear an identifying badge. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. In 1554 he formed an alliance between Spain and England by arranging for his son Philip II (15271598; ruled 155698) to marry the Catholic English queen, Mary I (see "England" section previously in this chapter). When King Philip III died in 1621, the decline of Spain was becoming more evident. She was sold to the English, who then turned her over to the Inquisition, an official church court appointed to punish heretics (those who violate church laws), at the French city of Rouen. Yet Africa and the eastern route to the Indies were off limits because Pope Alexander VI had granted total control of these areas to Portugal (see "Spain" section previously in this chapter). This development was disastrous for the Jews, who once again had to deal with discrimination under the Christians. In 1553 she restored the Latin Mass and the following year she recognized the jurisdiction of the pope in England. The name Portugal comes from the ancient port city of Portus Cale (now Porto), at the mouth of the Douro River, where the Portuguese monarchy began. Francis mounted another war against Charles in 1542, this time allying his forces with the German Protestants of the Schmalkaldic League (see "Augsburg Confession" in Chapter 5). Called Protector, Somerset virtually ruled England for several years, but he found it difficult to deal with several rebellions that broke out in 1549. But in this second war, which began in 1527, Charles was destined to win an even greater victory. Only eight Portuguese were killed. Henry VIII, whose heart had never really been in the war, also quickly came to terms with Charles. Francis's violation of the treaty made another war with Spain inevitable. Game Info. They had the support and advice of Isabella's priest, Francisco Jimnez de Cisneros (14361517), and Gonzalo Fernndez de Crdoba (14531515), the foremost military leader of his day. At first the Capetians' control over the other duchies of France was mostly in name only because many were semi-independent kingdoms. Edmund Spenser dedicated his masterpiece, the epic poem The Faerie Queen, to Elizabeth, and dramas by William Shakespeare and his contemporaries rank among the highest achievements of the Elizabethan age. By 1529, Francis had signed the Treaty of Cambrai, which repeated the humiliating terms of the earlier Treaty of Madrid. In 1530 Clement VII officially crowned Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor. You have to answer the questions about Rise of kingdoms and world history, in return, you will earn Gems and some other small rewards. Since 1066 the English had controlled rich agricultural areas in France, and the two countries had often fought over these territories. 3. But Corts wanted more treasures, and over the next two years he massacred the Aztec, finally destroying Tenochtitln in 1521. 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