Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. Google Scholar. 2016;74:99107. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. Microwave Health Effects 2006;27:11926. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. 2002;64:31353. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. Brain Res. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. 1 Microwave Theory and Techniqes | PDF | Microwave - Scribd Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). Neurosci Lett. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. PubMed Indian J Occup Environ Med. Behav Brain Res. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. Effect of mobile-phone radiation on Human health - SlideShare [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. Microwaves of 50mW/cm2 increased the levels of the major excitatory amino acids Asp and glutamic acid (Glu) and the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Gly, while 6h later in the 30mW/cm2 group, the level of Gly was reduced in the cerebral cortex. Mack et al. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. Nature. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. Dasdag et al. [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. 2014;12:75. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. Wang Q, Cao Z. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. Terms and Conditions, 2004;23:20114. 2012;31:25074. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. Bioelectromagnetics. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. Wang et al. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. Here's What Would Happen If Your Body Was Microwaved - Grunge.com 2003;80:194210. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. A significant increase in ROS levels and DNA fragmentation were observed only after the astrocytes were exposed to modulated EMF for 20min, perhaps as a result of hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors. However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. Zhao et al. Moreover, the risk of developing Alzheimers disease is 3040% lower in people who use a mobile phone for more than 10years than in other individuals [35]. 2013;32:27380. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. Pathophysiology. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. Article Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. 2013;5:5500110. Correspondence to 2006;12:44651. 1996;180:917. Physiol Behav. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. 1984;4:285665. Microwave Radiation Effects on Humans - JSTOR Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Bioelectromagnetics. Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. Xu et al. Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. Mol Brain Res. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. Wang et al. 1984;5:6370. Smythe JW, Costall B. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. Mobile Effects on Human Body - slideshare.net 2009;72:20514. 2006;27:16471. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. Bull Exp Biol Med. CAS Electromagn Biol Med. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. 2014:125. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2014;53:22230. Im HI, Kenny PJ. Phot J. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. 2009;27:556572. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. 2009;63:10106. 1994;8:714. To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). Otto M, von Mhlendahl KE. Dasdag et al. 2008;86:718. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. Merola et al. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. Describes the health effects on six men exposed to high levels of RF radiation (100 MHz) while working on transmission masts. JAMA. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. millimeter, or equivalently. 2002;57:2702. Li H, Li C. Apoptosis gene expression and their relationship to mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of gynecologic oncology patients. Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation - Overview | Occupational Safety Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. 1999;9:3438. Specifically, the Federal Communications . Bioelectromagnetics. California Privacy Statement, found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. J Natl Cancer Inst. Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. (PDF) Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health. Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation - Health Effects | Occupational However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. 1992;6:379. Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. PubMed [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . Chin J Birth Health Hered. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. 2006;398:2537. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. Springer Nature. The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. 2001;12:72931. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. 2002;13:11921. Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. 2016;53:210011. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. Acta Neurol Belg. 2017;326:291. 2017;52:23947. Am J Epidemiol. PubMed 1993;13:41322. The effects are usually . as it have a harmful side. 2009;64:2314. Int J Radiat Biol. radiation with wavelengths. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. Qiao et al. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Front Neurosci. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. 2009;4:e4389. Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. Google Scholar. 2016;25:31827. 2011;107:35661. 2005;1042:1018. J Pharm Sci. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. 1992;49:1818. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. Bioelectromagnetics. Synapse. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. Cosquer et al. Wang et al. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. Am J Epidemiol. Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. PLoS One. Trends Neurosci. Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation - tandfonline.com Gold PE. Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. 2010;39:67594. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. 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