Australian ground units operated under Gen. Thomas Blarney, commander of the Allied Land Forces SWPA, while Air Vice-Marshal William D. Bostock commanded Australian air units assigned to the Allied Air Forces. The large majority of the defending Japanese troops there had uncharacteristically abandoned their positions and fled inland. [4][32] The shortage of shipping meant that each ship had to be loaded as efficiently as possible, using a technique known as combat loading to ensure that the most important stores and equipment could be unloaded quickly. It was occupied by the Japanese during their invasion of the Dutch East Indies in 1942, who planned to use it as a base for their expansion towards the Australian mandated territories of Papua and New Guinea. Report No. [25] But fighters did provide cover for the transports, and for bombers when their targets were within range. They included plans, charts, air defense details on all Japanese-held Pacific islands, and battle orders. A force of 800 Australian troops landed on 22 October on either side of the Japanese position. I am estimating that a cubic foot of records is 2,500 pages. [43], The remaining destroyers with about 2,700 surviving troops limped back to Rabaul. As in most Pacific War campaigns, disease and starvation claimed more Japanese lives than enemy action. He had planned to move first to Hansa Bay, but with airfields operational in the Admiralty Islands, the Hansa Bay assault was deemed unnecessary. 255) Procedure in interrogating and handling [Allied] prisoners of war. Over 420 of these were published. All agreed, of course, that the naval forces that had met with such success in the Gilbert Islands should push toward the Marianas, from which the heavy B-29 bombers of the Army Air Forces could strike at Japan. ATIS Inventories were also prepared. Free shipping for many products! Today known as Jayapura, in 1941 Hollandia (140.707E 2.543S) was the largest settlement in the Dutch half of New Guinea.It was located on the only really first-class natural harbor on the north coast of Dutch New Guinea, Humboldt Bay, though it had only primitive port facilities. This information was given to the 163rd Infantry Regiment of the 41st Infantry Division who used it in subsequent offensive operations. In February 1943, the first contingent of twenty graduates from the Navys Japanese Language School at Boulder, Colorado arrived at ICPOA and began interrogating prisoners of war and translating captured documents. Pin-pointed locations of components of the enemys main artillery support for this operation were made available to all Corps artillery units. Limited Distribution Reports were special reports, highly classified, consisting of translations of documents possessing information of the highest intelligence value or of immediate importance, issued from time to time as directed. [5] During the Guadalcanal campaign a large quantity of documents were captured, including ones retrieved from the Japanese submarine I-1, just offshore.[6]. In response, on 8 March General Douglas MacArthur sought approval from the Joint Chiefs of Staff to bring forward the previously planned landings at Hollandia to 15 April. U.S. Army Air Forces, Pacific Ocean Area (except the B-29s) were placed under Lieut. In May 1945 ADVATIS followed the advance of General Headquarters into Manila. In early January 1943, Japanese documents taken from the body of a sniper killed near Soputa, New Guinea, revealed the entire standing operating procedure of the Japanese in that area. While captured records were quickly evaluated in the field, almost all were eventually sent back to Hawaii, and some of those on to the Washington Document Center in Washington, D.C.[12] Although JICPOA was a major player in the captured documents intelligence business, it was ATIS, however, during the war years that handled the most documents. Once Manila and its environs had been captured, CIC search and seizure teams located and took custody of large quantities of Japanese documents. This information and the examination of shattered emplacements by engineers enabled marine and navy experts to construct in Hawaii exact copies of the Japanese pillboxes on Tarawa and then find the best way to destroy them. After taking evasive routes to the west of the Admiralty Islands to avoid air attack,[42] the convoy turned back towards their objective late in the afternoon. 102103, The Japanese drive to conquer all of New Guinea had been decisively stopped. Achieving complete surprise, they were able to destroy 340 aircraft on the ground and 60 more aircraft in the air, leaving the 6th Air Division unable to resist the planned invasion. [23] The Australian and American anti-aircraft gunners of the Composite Anti-Aircraft Defences played a crucial part. From there the documents were immediately sent to Brisbane for translation by ATIS personnel. On 5 March, Imperial General Headquarters by Navy . The Allied victories in 1943 set the stage for the strategic advances of 1944, but they did not determine the exact lines of attack. [11] For the same reasons, General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander Allied Forces South West Pacific Area was determined to hold it. On March 1, 1944, soldiers found on the body of the commander of Baba Battalion a copy of a field order issued by him in which he ordered an attack on American positions for that same afternoon. The Navy played a crucial role in operations to take Japanese airfields. [4][23], The main landings at Hollandia would be made at two locations. In February 1944, the Japanese devised a plan known as Z Plan to counter the American naval offensive and destroy the U.S. Pacific fleet. [61] U.S. forces undertook mopping up operations in the area until 6 June. [16] That summer a Document Restoration Sub-Section, staffed by six WACs (Womens Army Corps), including one officer, was established. New Guinean porters carry a load through the jungle. They were discontinued with the dissolution of the Philippine Island Research Section of ATIS on October 9, 1944. Excerpts from the citation indicate that he, with great risk to his life made reconnaissance in a number of caves which had been occupied by Japanese, approaching dangerously close to enemy fire and recovered more than 11 cases of enemy documents vitally needed for the successful conclusion of the operation.. They were numerical inventories under 17 principal categories of documents considered to be of probable or general value. Nowhere in the modern world has an armed liberation struggle persisted for so long - nearly 30 years - and with such secrecy, as the West Papuan war of resistance against the military government of Indonesia. [9], The Japanese 8th Area Army (equivalent to an Anglo-American army), under General Hitoshi Imamura at Rabaul, was responsible for both the New Guinea and Solomon Islands campaigns. Thousands perished from starvation and disease; the commanding general, Horii, was drowned. Blog of the Textual Records Division at the National Archives. Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Counter Intelligence (X-2) personnel at Rangoon Burma seized, in the former Japanese Embassy, a mass of documentation on the Kempei Tai (Japanese Military Police), Japanese political intelligence organizations, spy schools, and other political and intelligence organizations. In November 1943, during Operation Galvanic, marines of the 2nd Marine Division captured important documents at Tarawa Atoll (Betio). [46] Yamamoto then turned his attention to New Guinea: 94 planes struck Oro Bay on 11 April; 174 planes hit Port Moresby on 12 April; and in the largest raid of all, 188 aircraft struck Milne Bay on 14 April. [12] Initially, the intelligence product of JICPOA received no CINCPAC-CINCPOA authentication. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Lindberg D-Day Invasion LCT Cargo Ship Model Kit 1/125 New Sealed In Damaged Box at the best online prices at eBay! [4] See The Beginnings of the United States Armys Japanese Language Training: From the Presidio of San Francisco to Camp Savage, Minnesota 1941-1942,. The information contained in these reports were bibliographically indexed. ", Samuel Eliot Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 38. Background. This information was put to immediate tactical use and resulted in the capture of the position by the US 7th Cavalry Squadron. During the second phase, lasting from late 1942 until the Japanese surrender, the Alliesconsisting primarily of Australian forcescleared the Japanese first from Papua, then the Mandate and finally from the Dutch colony. The umbrella term for the series of strategic actions taken by the Allies to reduce and capture the vast Japanese naval and air facilities at Rabaul was Operation Cartwheel. Historians acknowledge that the deciphering of the Z Plan was one of the greatest single intelligence feats of the war in the South West Pacific Area. Their scheme of conquest envisaged control of the Aleutians, Midway, Fiji and Samoa, New Britain, eastern New Guinea, points in the [2] Also that summer, the 441st CIC unit established a clinical laboratory, which, among other things, restored charred documents. ", John Vader, New Guinea: The Tide Is Stemmed, p. 93, The Australian 7th Division under the command of Major General George Alan Vasey, along with the revitalized US 32nd Division, restarted the Allied offensive. Neither Kitazono nor Endo had been able to prepare a comprehensive defensive plan, and in any event had neither the men nor the resources to carry it out. As their number grew, and the volume of available intelligence increased, such a procedure became unnecessary, and also impossible due to the limited number of linguists available. Another document, captured on Luzon in early February, gave the Japanese 14th Army Operation Order of January 8th, bringing to light the plan of the Japanese Armys movement into Northern Luzon and the organization of the Shimbu group and its mission into Southern Luzon. He did successfully conduct the Western New Guinea campaign in 1944 which liberated much of Dutch New Guinea. Pre-landing reconnaissance efforts were hampered by the destruction of the Australian scouting party that was landed in the area by submarine in late March, and the reality of the terrain was only discovered through aerial intelligence that arrived too late. It was not just on the islands that important information was captured. Philippine Series Bulletins represented special reports of items pertaining to the Philippine Islands. [9] The documents were quickly brought back to Hawaii. Hollandia was a port on the north coast of New Guinea, part of the Dutch East Indies, and was the only anchorage between Wewak to the east, and Geelvink Bay to the west. [29] The Japanese arrived and the 25 August 7 September Battle of Milne Bay was underway. The Japanese invaded New Guinea from November 1941 till April 1942 and occupied the Dutch part (except for Merauke) and the northern Australian part (Fakfak fell April 1, Manokwari April 12). The Japanese entered Lae and Salamaua, two locations on Huon Gulf, on 8 March 1942 unopposed. It was placed under the direction of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (J-2), Joint Staff, CINCPAC, and CINCPOA (Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas). The battle was an unqualified success for the Allied forces, resulting in a withdrawal by the Japanese to a new strategic defense line in the west of New Guinea and the abandonment of all positions in the east of the island. The Japanese also planned to capture other strategic areas where they could establish advance posts and raise an outer barrier against an Allied counteroffensive. Thompson sub machine-guns jammed with the gritty mud and were unreliable in the humid atmosphere ", John Vader, New Guinea: The Tide Is Stemmed, pp. 10, Restoration of Captured Documents (June 28, 1945). 72 was published as an accumulation of documentary evidence for the Commission Regarding Breaches of the Rules of Warfare by the Japanese Forces of the Australian Commonwealth. The campaign was long and arduous, but by the end of 1944 the Japanese threat was contained in New Guinea. At the Kempei Tai (Japanese Military Police) headquarters they found numerous lists of names and evidence of collaboration and disloyalty to the Philippines and the United States. The Battle of Hollandia (code-named Operation Reckless) was an engagement between Allies of World War II and Japanese forces during World War II. 17 with Allied and Japanese Operations Among Natives of Dutch New Guinea; No. Engineers operating amphtracks pushed forward from Jautefa Bay to the lake to carry the infantry around the Japanese positions at the lake, completing their flanking maneuver on 25 April. Joining JICPOA once it became an inter-service organization were some 50 US Army Military Intelligence Service (MIS) Nisei linguists. In March 1944, plans were developed for ATIS to be located in closer proximity to combat operations. [52], Seven LSTs and the Australian transport Westralia were unloaded over the shore at White 1, landing 4,200 tonnes of combat supplies and over 300 vehicles on the first day. The Z Plan would fall into the hands of the Allies and be translated by ATIS during the early summer of 1944 and immediately be returned to the Japanese. He told soldiers that ATIS personnel had told him that they had seen Japanese . Only 30 percent of the captured documents needed no treatment; the rest needed cleaning, drying, and/or other conservation treatment. There were also other ATIS publications, based on captured documents and interrogations, such as Advanced Echelon Reports, Philippine Series Translations, and Interrogation Spot Reports. The New Guinea campaign of the Pacific War lasted from January 1942 until the end of the war in August 1945. JICPOA personnel also served, beginning in January 1945, at the Advance Intelligence Center (AIC), established at the CINCPAC Advance Headquarters at Guam. Three weeks later, on March 21, 1944, a captured field order disclosed the Japanese strength at Rossum, New Britain. [2] SEATIC was part of the South East Asia Command, established at New Delhi, India in November 1943 and moved to Kandy, Ceylon, on April 15, 1944. The stores situation in the forward area grew more urgent as the supply line up the single road broke down. [13] Eventually it would grow to over 2,500 personnel, some of who served with Advanced Echelons and combat units. The fires around White 1 continued until 27 April when the engineers were released to return to the beach. The operation consisted of two landings, one at Tanahmerah Bay and the other at Humboldt Bay, near Hollandia. Horikoshi, upon arrival at ATIS, at first denied all knowledge of any atrocities but on being confronted with his diary, admitted that such things had occurred. the strategic base on New Britain (now part of Papua New Guinea), on January 23, 1942. 14) was published and entitled Japanese Violations of the Laws of War. The report contained 28 pages of translations, each translation accompanied by a photostatic copy of the original document and authenticated under oath by the translator. graduate Hollandia. [63][64], Meanwhile, the Allies quickly made the Sentani airfields operational and were able to mount bombing raids on Japanese positions as far west as Biak, making them useless for air operations. In the Southwest Pacific Area, aside from the creation of the Far Eastern Air Force, there were few changes. This contest produced a number of valuable documents and propaganda leaflets. At the Quebec Conference in August 1943, the leaders of the Allied nations agreed to this change in strategy focusing on neutralizing Rabaul rather than capturing it.[50]. Allied casualties amounted to 157 killed and 1,057 wounded. Primary Image: The US pursued a two-pronged offensive across the central and southwest Pacific to . It is important to note that all ATIS units maintained close relations with the CIC units and Australian Army Field Security Service, since these units were largely responsible for the collection and dispatch of captured documents in forward areas to the language personnel stationed with tactical units. When very few documents were captured and relatively little was known about the enemy forces in the SWPA, it was imperative to translate all documents in full. [20], Since Port Moresby was the only port supporting operations in Papua, its defence was critical to the campaign. These provided the first clues to breaking the Japanese Navys operational codes. While military planners argued the merits of one approach over another, two main lines of attack were actually followed during 1944: (1) MacArthurs ground forces (including Army, Marine, and Navy elements) strengthened their hold in New Guinea and eventually invaded the Philippines; (2) Nimitzs naval forces drove across the central Pacific from the Gilberts to the Marianas and then covered the landing in the Philippines. Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter, who later became the director of the Central Intelligence Agency. The gunners got a lot of practice; Port Moresby suffered its 78th raid on 17 August 1942. Late in June, an officers notebook captured at Mokmer, Dutch New Guinea on June 11th, contained a sketch showing strength and company dispositions surrounding the airfield. [41] After rehearsals and loading, on 16 to 18 April the amphibious forces sailed from their bases at Finschafen and Goodenough Island; they joined up with other ships carrying troops bound for Aitape from Seeadler Harbour and then rendezvoused with the escort aircraft carriers providing air cover off Manus Island early on 20 April. Japanese expansion in East Asia began in 1931 with the invasion of Manchuria and continued in 1937 with a brutal attack on China. According to Morison, the Japanese "never again risked a transport larger than a small coaster or barge in waters shadowed by American planes. [43] The facilities in the area were designated Base G. Several higher headquarters were moved to the area, including those of the Sixth Army, Eighth Army, Fifth Air Force, and Seventh Fleet. On December 7, 1941, Japan staged a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, severely damaging the US Pacific Fleet. In 1944, a CIC officer was detailed for liaison with ATIS for eventual duty as an instructor for CIC units. portalId: 20973928, 11, Factors in Japanese Military Psychology was ever completed, although the material intended for this publication could have been used instead for Research Report No. MacArthur, the supreme commander in the area, also commanded all U.S. Army troops in the Southwest Pacific in his capacity as commanding general, U.S. Army Forces in the Far East. Before the operation against the Japanese at Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 41st CIC Detachment Special Agent in Charge Duval Edwards at Finschhaven during March and April 1944 gave many lectures on the great importance of soldiers turning in any captured documents. The admirals preferred to bypass the Philippines and take Formosa, which was much closer to Japan. All of these factors had to be taken into account in determining the lines of advance in 1944. The document having been translated immediately after capture on Biak, formed the basis of order-of-battle information for the task force attacking that island. [33], Operation Lilliput (18 December 1942 June 1943) was an ongoing resupply operation ferrying troops and supplies from Milne Bay, at the tip of the Papuan Peninsula, to Oro Bay, a little more than halfway between Milne Bay and the BunaGona area. [28][29] Secondary landings would take place Aitape, 125 miles to the east, at the same time as those around Hollandia. It stated also that the land offensive was scheduled to commence some time in the middle of November. The Battle of Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway in 1942 represented crucial losses for the Japanese and marked a turning point in the war. On 10 January 1942, during the Dutch East Indies Campaign, Japanese forces invaded the Dutch East Indies as part of the Pacific War. The plan called for the establishment of a two-battalion front, with troops landed in seven waves at two beaches: Red 1 around the Depapre Inlet and Red 2 on the eastern side of the bay. Most regrettable!!' Most important of all, the bombers of MacArthur's air forces, under the command of Lieutenant General George C. Kenney, had been modified to enable new offensive tactics. Admiral Nimitz exploited the same intelligence advantage when he planned the next stage of the Navys campaign in the central Pacific. The submarine picked up the documents on May 11th and sailed to Darwin. [48][49], Meanwhile, at Humboldt Bay Rear Admiral William M. Fechteler's Central Attack Group carrying the U.S. 41st Division also achieved complete surprise, coming ashore at two beaches: White 1, about 2.5 miles (4.0km) south of Hollandia, and White 2 on a narrow sandspit near Cape Tjeweri at the entrance to Jautefa Bay, and about 4 miles (6.4km) from Lake Sentani. Japanese plans to occupy Port Moresby were negated by losses during the Battle of the Coral Sea and Battle of Milne Bay. As the body of available material continued to grow, individual studies based on information available to ATIS were produced as Information Bulletins on subjects of general interest. 67 (Japanese Warships and Merchant Vessels Sunk, Damaged or not Previously Listed); No. [1] Among them were the Southeast Asia Translation and Interrogation Center (SEATIC)[2]; the Sino Translation and Interrogation Center (SINTIC)[3]; and, the Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (JICPOA). In the early months of 1944, both at Bougainville and at Rabaul, large numbers of Japanese troops were effectively put out of action without being confronted in bloody combat. The naval command in the Southwest Pacific remained unchanged. [10] After the chief of staff of the Second Area Army travelled to Wewak to deliver Adachi orders in person, he directed that the 66th Infantry Regiment begin moving from Wewak to Hollandia on 18 April; it was expected that this unit would arrive there in mid-June. [9] See Seventy Years Ago: The Makin Island Raid, August 1942., [10] The Armys Counter Intelligence Corps faced similar problems with souvenir hunters. Singapore, the Dutch East Indies and New Guinea had already fallen, and all of Australia's security hopes premised upon Britain's Fortress Singapore ideology had collapsed. The majority of the Allied force was provided by the United States, with the bulk of two United States Army infantry divisions being committed on the ground. Captured and sunken Japanese ships and boats also provided large quantities of documents, many of immediate value. [36], The Australians decisively turned back the Japanese assault in the ensuing 2931 January 1943 Battle of Wau. 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