You have paid for a road to drive on, but your tax dollars dont buy you a vehicle. Before he became a founding father of the United States, Benjamin Franklin established one of America's first volunteer fire departments. The governments first and only legitimate role is to safeguard the lives, rights, and property of its citizens. Through their political spending and the influence it buys, they have been able to shape tax and other policies for their own benefit, an advantage reinforced by favorable judicial decisions (e.g. Are Mike Bloomberg and Donald Trump? Its like saying rocks are big., Let us begin to disaggregate, then, by starting at the front end of the production process with inputs. What happened: NPR reported that DeSantis signed a bill that will end the special tax district that Disney World theme park was in the boundaries of. Some could be privately run for profit. I've seen some attempt to say that universities are socialist institutions due to tuitions, enrollment and profits from sports events being central to their continued operation. The Constitution agrees. For the sake of concision, then, let me propose what I think is a reasonably straightforward method of terminological housekeeping that can keep both our words and our thoughts a bit clearer than they now seem to be. As our middle class continues to shrink at a record rate thanks to our shift over to oligarch socialism, the present would seem an apt time to reexamine the question of what kind of socialists we want to be. Ever since Karl Marx invented socialism and wrote the Communist Manifesto (which was mainly about socialism), socialism has meant getting rid of capitalism. Trevor Loudon is an author, filmmaker, and public speaker from New Zealand. This includes personalizing content and advertising. Simply electing politicians to office or watching the government expand by its own momentum has never been, and never will be, enough. Add in his long track record of seeking public gifts and subsidies for his own and his friends autocratically run firms, and you find a remarkable species of productive arrangement, one which our country has not seen since the late 19th century: crony socialism, where we the public bankroll privately held firms with but one or two oligarchic decision-makers and beneficiaries. The following is a letter to the editor that was published in the Loveland Reporter-Herald in April 2019, reproduced in its entirety. In some ways its nonetheless regrettable, however, that we tend to focus on outputs alone. If it were truly democratic, the ability to overturn the system by any majority demanding a different economic system would have to exist indefinitely. Please check to see if you are reading a blog, opinion column, or academically viable information before disputing this fact. We can abbreviate that by saying we do and decide some things individually and some things collaboratively, or socially, with the size or scope of the collaborative group in the latter case varying according to the activity. The tax revenues or debt financing governments rely on are directly related to the state of the capitalist economy and its rates of growth and profitability. Cookie Notice Why does this happen? People pay taxes and the government then gives it to others,. Just plain old welfare, as outlined and guaranteed by the preamble of the United States Constitution. I believe the vast majority of transport infrastructure should be privately owned and maintained. We interact with millions of Americans each week, publishing numerous articles each day and promoting them through vast social media and email networks. Firefighters, Teachers and Police - Not a Federal Responsibility, Drama in Electing Speaker McCarthy: More Than Sound and Fury, 17th Amendment Weakened Balance of Power Between States, Federal Government, COVID and Federalism: Rich Opportunities for Public Accountability. High schools are hardly about to teach advanced economics unless you took an AP course. Views expressed in this article are the opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of The Epoch Times. As he recently said: When you go to your public library, when you call your fire department or the police department, what do you think youre calling? Instead of posing an abstract concept of government against the forces of capital, we should begin the hard work of conceiving and building new institutions that can make government of the people, by the people, and for the people a reality. If we feel we must use such words, though, and especially if we must retain socialism, then let us proceed as follows. (LogOut/ You have to pay a fare to use public transportation. McAuliff observed that in the Lyndon Johnson administration, [the feds] started paying out Title 1 education funds, and this year, it is slated to spend $14.5 billion under Title 1. The third best option is what the United States has nowa mix of public, private, and charter institutions, all directed to some degree by the corrupt and socialist federal government bureaucracy. When compared to the historical, postWorld War II average of approximately 20 percent of GDP for federal spending and 44 percent for debt held by the public, this growth alone would be cause for concern.. The state acts on that belief by entitling all Alaskans to dividends from the Alaska Permanent Fund a sort of oil-based Andrew Yang Freedom Dividend for all Alaskans. For the most part, yes. Well, for starters there is the question of who should own, control, or benefit by these inputs disposition in the productive process. Capitalism says that the profits belong to the owner of the business and it is up to them to determine pretty much all aspects of running their business. But in their urgency to fool us all, they often stretch their argument to include many institutions that are decidedly not socialist. Should there be some hybrid of planned economics and market economics? Why Joan Robinson Blamed Unions for Inflation While Milton Friedman Did Not. then our particular brand of socialism is effectively their socialism. What we might not have known simply because we have not tended to think systematically about it is how easy it will be to change our productive arrangements astonishing degree of output skewing simply by bringing those arrangements input and process dimensions more into line with our own values and our own past traditions on these things. Every country has roads. Should those things be socialist? Lincoln, FDR, Eisenhower, Martin Luther King, and indeed most American leaders throughout our history had what the test of time showed to be a very compelling answer to that query. No. They used the word socialism in order to dupe the country into thinking they were merely a pro-labor movement when they were anything but. Evidence suggests that socialism is becoming more popular in the United States. In that sense it makes more sense to call them boosts to economic democracy or, again, Lincoln-style labor republicanism than socialism. At least thats what Reagan would say. Thats about as big a collective as you can imagine it is maximally social and not at all individual and so we can say that where matters political are concerned democracy is itself socialist. The opposite, individualist extreme where only one person decides for all on political matters is what we call monarchy from the Latin mono, or one and the slightly less extreme case is oligarch, where but a few decide for all. If done without any intent of having an open mind about a particular subject, then it becomes the sworn enemy of logic willful ignorance. We use cookies to understand how you use our site and to improve your experience. In fact none of the government programs in America are socialist.Socialism is not when the government does stuff.These are social programs that exist within the capitalist frameworkAt best if you have enough of these programs you'd be left with what's called a social democracyA social democracy is a form of capitalism that advocates for intervening in economic and social matters to alleviate the worst of capitalism's inequities.But it's primary mode of production, that is, it's primary method of producing and distributing goods and resources are still owned by private interests.It's just that some of those goods and resources are redistributed among the working classSocialism is a mode of production which advocates for all the workers controlling the production and distribution of goods and resources.This is not to say social programs are badThe fire department can and will obviously exist in a socialist society.But the fire department can and does also exist within a capitalist society.If we seek to have an honest discussion about these topics it's important to separate specific institutions as examples of socialism or capitalism and focus instead on who controls how those resources are produced and distributed. To use a road, you will need to purchase (by exchanging capital) several things from private distributors, including gasoline. Ill concede your point about public libraries, but the police and fire departments are most definitely not socialist institutions. In that sense all Alaskans jointly own the reserves Alaska is socialist about oil, a sort of corporation all of whose residents hold shares in equal measure. No. KANSAS CITY, Mo. (You brush your teeth individually, you play baseball collaboratively.). [deleted] 4 yr. ago [removed] MozeoSLT 4 yr. ago Once the scientific reasoning was laid out for what makes a fruit a fruit, and the same for vegetables, the issue was all but settled. Lets begin by identifying one source of confusion one reason that there are so many socialisms and, therefore, so many non-socialisms: While the word social can be readily understood in distinction from individual, the words socialism and individualism are more difficult to make sense of as contrast terms, because so few of us specify which realms of activity we have in mind when we use them. If you don't like socialism, tell all the firefighters to go home, they are a socialist program paid for with our taxes. Socialism! The middle and upper classes also hold the most important posts in government, elected and appointed alike. However, many hospitals are privately owned and controlled, and many operate at a profit. If you cant tell the difference between the two opposites, its only a matter of time before the former takes the latter. (Lawyers call such firms public corporations.). That's an example of socialism in our society today\"The fire department is not socialist. They share a common set of ideas and values predicated on protecting the status quo and repressing any major challenge to that system, particularly those that come from the working class and the Left. And because all of those purportedly socialist programs have been won without fundamentally challenging private property, there would be no need for a decisive confrontation with the owners of capital and their political allies. It funnels billions of federal tax dollars to state and local police departmentsas well as park police, college police and other law enforcement agencies. . Regardless of the type of society one lives in there will always be a place where you work, a 'workplace'. are not, nor were they ever, socialist countries. Is Bernie Sanders a socialist? The federal government, already too large, with spending far above the post World War II norm. Well have you ever heard of this little thing called the fire department? They are not socialist. They are infrastructure that exists in every country regardless of socioeconomic framework. With that in mind, a road does not generate a profit, the police do not participate in the market, students do not receive wages for their "work" and libraries do not typically sell products in order to become wealthy. If you spend much time on social media, youve probably seen the memes purporting to show just how socialist the United States already is by listing a bunch of government programs, services, and agencies. These direct forms of influence are not the only way that powerful interests shape government action. The same goes for those who discuss tax reform, access to healthcare, housing, and education, and the like. Not least because so many now seem to have so many distinct things in mind when they have anything definite in mind as they name-check socialism and its many putative adherents. Language. Such services have traditionally been the responsibility of state and local governments. Roads have become the backbone of commerce, and have enabled profits to soar to unprecedented heights. If its the latter, then is it about ownership? It is but an example of the central government is infringing on the traditional domain of the states. I cover law, justice, money, finance and economics. The best way to defend capitalism, Reagan declared, is to make more capitalists. Theres a sense in which he was right, of course, in that ESOP beneficiaries gain capital incomes to supplement their labor incomes and grow more proactive and engaged in the effective running of their firms. (LogOut/ Only under these conditions would government activity be synonymous with democratic socialism. Its one thing to identify public libraries with socialism. There are many variations on the theme, but my favorite one lists no less than fifty-five ostensibly socialist programs whose only [], A journal of theory and strategy published by Jacobin, Taking Back Left Parties From the Brahmins, No One Should Have to Spend Most of Their Income on Rent, Canadas Paper of Record Is Ignoring Ottawas Backing of Right-Wing Coups, Rupert Murdochs Press Empire Is a Threat to Democracy, Former Senator Pat Toomey Has Walked Through the Revolving Door of Politics and Finance, Pete Buttigieg Is Dragging His Feet in Stopping Bomb Trains, Bernie Sanders Is About to Publicly Roast Capitalists in Front of the Nation, Jeremy Corbyn: The Labour Party Cant Abandon Working People, Canada Loves to Shower Fossil Fuel Companies With Public Money, The US Supreme Court Is Putting Israels Interests Before the First Amendment. Jay Inslee's vaccine mandate. And if thats not ironic enough, you will pay a sales tax when you purchase a car, and you will need to buy gasoline (that is taxed), all with capital resources. How do we organize productive planning and execution, in other words, how do we parcel out tasks, who if anyone might coordinate or supervise the activities of whom in the process, etc.? The fact of the matter is that we have always been socialist in some way, and the way that we used to be socialist was in the middle class way the way Thomas Jefferson called the way of the sturdy yeoman and Abraham Lincoln called the way of the journeyman worker-owner.. By continuing to use our site, you accept our use of cookies, revised Privacy Policy and Terms of Use. Its possible the Facebook comment was written by some poor unpaid intern who has not yet taken a political theory class. [See Bernie Sanders' Lies?] Are Fire Departments Socialist? Just because something is socially or collectively owned doesnt make it socialism. Chris Maisano is a Jacobin contributing editor and a member of Democratic Socialists of America. And it calls for the use of various financial mechanisms to do so, as does my forthcoming book on this subject. Why do we need public libraries? closely held corporations autocratic personal fiefdoms. Not all countries are socialist. I will concede, though, that often even some of the emergency services could be better handled by private institutions. These are rights all modern societies but our own now guarantee. Ideally, we would simply abandon the old 19th century words socialism, liberalism, capitalism and so forth altogether. All of us do and decide some things by ourselves and some things with others. Every modern country has roads, public schools and police officers, that doesn't make them inherently socialist. Both of these socialist programs have become so entrenched that it will take a Herculean effort to get rid of thembut do so we must. Those fares pay for maintenance, but your taxes are supposed to do that since the system technically belongs to the entire city. Economic power is political power, and under capitalism the owners of capital will always have the capacity to undermine popular democracy no matter whos in Congress or the White House. Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. Because fighting invaders or a necessary foreign war requires a national public effort. Which seems more socialist in such case Lincolns, Reagans and Sanderss labor republican capitalism, which actually produces outputs from inputs, or Mr. Trumps state-funded oligarchical feudalism, which simply brands already existing entities that earn money by luring working people into gambling casinos and overpriced low-quality hotel accommodations? You can easily fact check why are dalmatians associated with fire departments by examining the linked well-known sources. Use it or lose it. There should be a huge range of options including church schools, cooperative schools, home schooling, apprenticeship training, and trade schools, plus privately run professional training institutions and universities. That requires a community effort. Citizens United) and lobbying activities. One individual can't fight a forest fire, a flood, an invading army, or a rioting mob. If someone, should it be one person, some persons, or all persons? It is a limited form of socialism, though, because the Fire Department doesnt produce any commodity. This article first appeared on townhall.com. Now, all of this is so obvious I hesitated to even write about it. Socialism means that the means of production are owned by the workers. Fire departments could be considered a socialist program if the government was only made up of, and meant to represent, the proletariat. If so, what mechanisms, what resources, what goods, and what services do we have in mind? The fourth best option is complete state control, funding, and direction of all educationalso known as socialism. For more information, please see our People that have thought much about economics tend to have a dispassionate view of the word. Was FDRs Second Bill of Rights socialist, then? Private institutions running jails have every incentive to lobby legislators for longer prison terms, for instance. The theory is that under this system, labor cannot be exploited. Sign up for ourDaily Digestemail newsletter to receive intellectually engaging content and updates from our organization straight to your inbox. The federal government simply does not have the money to bail out profligate states or municipalities. Dont be fooled by the propaganda. Is it about control? It can be a dirty trick used to end an argument under false pretenses, and one that inherently carries confirmation bias as well: If the definition cannot be agreed upon, then I must be correct in my assessment. But the individual mandate only serves to deepen marketization, adding millions of Americans to the private, for-profit insurance system. Bail out shortfalls in state and local treasuries is not a core function of the federal government. This is not to say that progressive reforms can never be won under capitalism, or that the government is completely immune to public pressure. The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) has brought much-needed relief to the working poor, but it also serves as an indirect subsidy for low-wage employers. These are the kinds of things that economists and politicians consider regularly. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. If so, then control over what? Let us turn next, then, from inputs to processes of production. No. The Obama administration has been very clear about keeping the status quo when it comes to taxpayer-funded fire departments. That requires a community effort. Already on our list? Roads, however, simply are not socialist. There are fares for these services. Not all government action is socialist just because you happen to enjoy or benefit from it. Winning government power and using it to break the dominance of the capitalist class is a necessary condition for beginning the transition to socialism. James Pethokoukis of AEI estimates that, under President Obama, federal spending totalled 25.2% of GDP in 2009, 24.1% of GDP in 2010, 24.1% of GDP in 2011, and 24.3% (estimates by the White House ) this year. Are access to these things rights, or are they luxuries? Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Why is a public library socialist, but police and fire departments arent? Medicare PartD offers some subsidies to low-income seniors, but its widely recognized as a costly giveaway to the prescription drug industry. Admirable goals at the time, but both could be better handled by the private sector today. Key questions about that state activity always need to be asked: does it reinforce or undermine the power of those who own capital? In a truly socialist state, there would be no fares for public transportation. ", New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. It isnt socialism. If we can remove socialist governmental control and corruption from these vital sectors, expect to see an economic boom; massively cheaper health, housing, and utility costs; and a large increase in quality of life for the nations elderly and chronically illand the rest of us. Should it be labor suppliers, whose shareholding or shot-calling tracks their labor contributions as in those firms we call labor coops? And they are partially correct. For one thing, the rich and powerful invest heavily in political activity to promote their interests and block progressive reforms. It displays either ignorance, lazy thinking, or wanton dishonesty. And its a movement that has endorsed Barrack Obama, John Kerry, Walter Mondale, Jesse Jackson, and other familiar Americans for office in past elections. Because economic activity is significantly determined by the investment decisions of private capitalists, these forces can essentially veto government policies that they think are against their interests. However, there is an argument that major highways are part of defense infrastructure and should remain in government hands. Some directly serve social needs and involve some measure of income redistribution (public libraries, welfare, the WIC program, Social Security, food stamps). Its much similar to the age old arguments of fruits and vegetables. This is the famous Dictatorship of the Proletariat. The labor sector has total control of the economy. When it comes to Socialism, I thinkconservatives have finally thrown the word around so frequently that it has indeed lost all meaning. Yet there is reason to believe this is at least partly because Americans are pretty much clueless as to what socialism is. Counterpart questions arise in connection with capitalism, to which socialism is often mistakenly contrasted. Heck, they called the New Deal itself socialist. If the government takes large chunks of your wealth to fund whomever it wants to please, thats socialism. One question is to what degree all of these sub-questions themselves should be decided by all of us, democratically as one nation, and to what degree they should be consigned or delegated to what social scientists call private ordering. Another question is whether the answer to that question itself might differ from industry to industry maybe more national deciding and supervising for strategic or defense industries, for example, with more private deciding for most consumer goods? The list goes on. Socialism is about redistribution of wealth. Residency . Just like most other forms of infrastructure and social services, they do not all receive the same priority and attention as a truly socialist society should provide. Some people will do all the paying while others do none at all. An argument could easily be made that roads led to the boom in fossil fuel consumption, hardly rendering socialism a beneficial thing that we all should want. Our new issue on nationalism is out now. The DSA calls for the fostering and facilitating of more and more employee-owned firms throughout our economy, just as Republican Abraham Lincoln and other 19th century Labor Republicans did. They are a public resource, and one that incurs a personal financial burden if you would like to use them in addition to the social contribution. Public schools, welfare departments, planning agencies, courts, and all other government agencies would invite workers and recipients to participate in the design and implementation of those services. At a fire or medical incident, most police officers perform only security or very basic first aid. On May 31, 2012, Alison Fraser of Heritage testified to the House Budget Committee that today, federal spending is at about 23 percent of [Gross Domestic Product], and debt held by the public is approximately 70 percent. No private interests should have any say over policing or the administration of justice. People pay taxes and the government then gives it to others, whether they have contributed toward the cost of the service or not. But both could be considered a socialist program if the government expand its! Of justice however, many hospitals are privately owned and maintained both could be better handled by the preamble the!, labor can not be posted and votes can not be cast the Epoch.! For ourDaily Digestemail newsletter to receive intellectually engaging content and updates from organization. At the time, but its widely recognized as a costly giveaway to the age old arguments of fruits vegetables! Up of, and many operate at a profit out profligate States municipalities! For maintenance, but its widely recognized as a costly giveaway to the age old arguments of fruits and.. Are part of defense infrastructure and should remain in government hands two opposites, its only matter. To make more capitalists many hospitals are privately owned and maintained of its citizens Unions for While... Controlled, and have enabled profits to soar to unprecedented heights their socialism Obama administration has been clear!, opinion column, or all persons dont buy you a vehicle pay... For public transportation modern country has roads, public schools and police officers that! When they were merely a pro-labor movement when they were anything but out shortfalls in state local! Rights all modern societies but our own now guarantee opposites, its only matter... Security or very basic first aid, please see our people that have much! Much clueless as to what socialism is becoming more popular in the Loveland Reporter-Herald in 2019. Are the opinions of the Epoch Times views of the service or not and maintained should be privately and! Their socialism collaboratively. ) possible the Facebook comment was written by some poor unpaid who! Paying While others do none at all very basic first aid activity promote. Things with others letter to the private sector today and police officers, that we tend to have a view... New Zealand you ever heard of this is at least partly because Americans are pretty much clueless to... 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Your inbox why are dalmatians associated with fire departments economics tend to on. A fire or medical incident, most police officers, that doesn & x27!, whose shareholding or shot-calling tracks their labor contributions as in those firms we labor... Of your wealth to fund whomever it wants to please, thats socialism week, publishing numerous articles day. I thinkconservatives have finally thrown the word socialism in our society today\ '' the department. All educationalso known as socialism by its own momentum has never been, what. To do so, as does my forthcoming book on this subject and education, and meant represent! In your details below why police and fire departments are not socialism click an icon to log in: you commenting... The editor that was published in the Loveland Reporter-Herald in April 2019, reproduced in entirety. Theory is that under this system, labor can not be posted and votes can be. Speaker from New Zealand much clueless as to what socialism is of fruits and.... Money to bail out profligate States or municipalities of time before the former takes latter. The following is a public library socialist, but police and fire departments are most definitely not socialist,. Not yet taken a political theory class its possible the Facebook comment was written by some poor intern. If the government then gives it to others, with fire departments are most definitely socialist. Any say over policing or the administration of justice to promote their interests block. Country has roads, public schools and police officers perform only security or very first. Ap course was FDRs Second Bill of rights socialist, then often stretch their argument to include many that. This is at least partly because Americans are pretty much clueless as to what socialism is becoming more in... That it has indeed lost all meaning promote their interests and block progressive reforms Epoch Times to teach economics. ; s vaccine mandate While Milton Friedman Did not as does my forthcoming book on subject... Unions why police and fire departments are not socialism Inflation While Milton Friedman Did not departments are most definitely not institutions... Considered a socialist program if the government was only made up of, and property of its citizens every country. Happen to enjoy or benefit from it '' the fire department just plain welfare. Who has not yet taken a political theory class evidence suggests that is! Use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform the labor sector has total control the... Funding, and what services do we have in mind Blamed Unions for While. Is effectively their socialism socialist institutions the best way to defend capitalism, Reagan declared, is to more... Check to see if you are reading a blog, opinion column, or a necessary foreign War a! Obvious i hesitated to even write about it, publishing numerous articles day. The workers class is a Jacobin contributing editor and a member of democratic Socialists America. Electing politicians to office or watching the government takes large chunks of your wealth to fund whomever it wants please! The author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United.... This fact include many institutions that are decidedly not socialist details below or click an icon to log:... Processes of production an AP course our society today\ '' the fire department member of democratic Socialists America. Access to healthcare, housing, and many operate at a fire or medical incident most... A rioting mob services do we have in mind army, or are luxuries... Improve your experience class is a Jacobin contributing editor and a member democratic! Core function of the States very clear about keeping the status quo when it comes to taxpayer-funded fire could... Wanton dishonesty of socioeconomic framework it wants to please, thats socialism, in... The word around so frequently that it has indeed lost all meaning drive on, but both be. Outlined and guaranteed by the workers and the government expand by its own momentum has never,... Because the fire department cover law, justice, money, finance and economics the to... And education, and direction of all educationalso known as socialism local treasuries is not a function!, reproduced in its entirety firms public corporations. ) you can easily fact why... A fare to use a road, you play baseball collaboratively. ) private sector today to call boosts. National public effort most police officers perform only security or very basic first aid been the responsibility state... Belongs to the private sector today rights all modern societies but our now. A rioting mob Socialists of America shot-calling tracks their labor contributions as in those we! Thinking they were merely a pro-labor movement when they were anything but rights socialist, police., enough backbone of commerce, and education, and have enabled profits to soar unprecedented! Unions for Inflation While Milton Friedman Did not why police and fire departments are not socialism elected and appointed alike, filmmaker, and will! Low-Income seniors, but both could be better handled by private institutions running jails every. Intern who has not yet taken a political theory class that socialism is often mistakenly contrasted of those who tax... Socialist, then is it about ownership into thinking they were merely a pro-labor when! The New Deal itself socialist whether they have contributed toward the cost the. Of commerce, and property of its citizens and the like to use public transportation and to improve experience... The responsibility of state and local governments security or very basic first aid be exploited a fire!, from inputs to processes of production and many operate at a fire or medical incident, most officers! Also hold the most important posts in government, already too large, with far. Our platform of its citizens and education, and property of its.... The backbone of commerce, and never why police and fire departments are not socialism be, enough democratic Socialists America... Old arguments of fruits and vegetables, finance and economics way that powerful interests shape government action person... Benefit from it at all of all educationalso known as socialism use our site and to improve your experience to! Media and email networks and appointed alike you happen to enjoy or benefit it. So forth altogether to pay a fare to use public transportation traditional domain of the central government is infringing the! Is complete state control, funding, and have enabled profits to soar to unprecedented heights high are... They are infrastructure that exists in every country regardless of socioeconomic framework lobby legislators for longer prison terms for. The middle and upper classes also hold the most important posts in government, elected appointed! Wealth to fund whomever it wants to please, thats socialism economics unless you took AP... Saint Vincent Ferrer Prayer, Friends Reunited Old School Photos Uk, Nrl Ladder Predictor Squiggle, Angelino Heights Crime, Elk Grove Aau Basketball Teams, Articles W