Currently, research efforts have focused on integrating the treatment of solid wastes or even wastewater with the use of microbial fuel cells (MFC), i.e., microbial cells that use electrons donated by low-value organic substrates, contained in the waste, to generate energy (Xu et al., 2016). Knowledge of a family history of conditions such as cancer or various disorders may indicate a hereditary tendency to develop these afflictions. Genetic engineering has been used to modify the properties of yeast and natural yeast, improving their performance in the fermentation process. doi: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.05.001, Ivanov, V., and Stabnikov, V. (2016). Discov. N. Engl. A problem commonly encountered in developing countries is the difficulty of implementing public policies to control the spread of parasitic vectors such as those of the genera Aedes and Anopheles. A. Specific interactions with extracellular matrix components allow the use of chitosan in the field of tissue engineering to repair skin, bone, and cartilage (Khor and Lim, 2003). Bacterial larvicide, Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis strain AM 65-52 water dispersible granule formulation impacts both dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (L.) population density and disease transmission in Cambodia. Biochem. doi: 10.1002/chir.20494. This chapter discusses the commercial applications of various microbial enzymes and also highlights the sources and nature of industrial applications. Here we have also summarized the important applications of protease in different industries such as, paper mill, starch degrading sector, food processing factories, and detergent making companies. Bio-Hydrometallurgy 7. 34, 755781. Microbial biosensor based on whole cell of Pseudomonas sp. doi: 10.4161/hv.26109, Pifferi, C., Berthet, N., and Renaudet, O. Agarose bioplastic-based drug delivery system for surgical and wound dressings. Potential of Bacillus thuringiensis in the management of pernicious lepidopteran pests, in Plant, Soil and Microbes, eds K. R. Hakeem and M. S. Akhtar (New York City, NY: Springer International Publishing), 277301. Ther. Viral recombinant vaccines to the E6 and E7 antigens of HPV-16. The future of anaerobic digestion and biogas utilization. What are the biomarkers uncovered in proteomics used for? Sci. Bioplastic formulations were recently tested for seed coating of agronomic species. Industrial applications of ALRs range from classical industrial microbiology productions (e.g., beer, citric acid, and biomass from yeast, bacteria, and fungi) to wastewater treatment and productions of high-value chemicals (i.e., antibiotic, enzyme, and protein) in reactor sizes up to 1500 m 3. Superbugthe so-called NDM-1. Bacterial sensors based on Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans: part I. Fe2+ and S2O32- determination. How Bacillus thuringiensis has evolved specific toxins to colonize the insect world. The field of transcriptomics is the science of the entire collection of mRNA molecules produced by cells. Physiological and biochemical response of Aedes aegypti tolerance to Bacillus thuringiensis. 33, 419443. Pest Manag. The presence of the bacteria reduces the mosquito life span, thus decreasing the possibility of dengue virus transmission, since only adult females are able to transmit (Cook et al., 2008; Turley et al., 2009; Bian et al., 2010). J. Biotechnol. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2007.11.022. Applications of Microbial genetics include in medicine, veterinary, agriculture, food and pharmaceutical industries. In turn, the current trend of using non-Saccharomyces strains, which in the past were considered yeasts of secondary importance or yeasts that produced undesirable changes, has positively impacted the vinification process, given the ability of the strains to produce enzymes, secondary metabolites, glycerol, ethanol, and other compounds that can increase the organoleptic complexity of wines (Padilla et al., 2016). (2014). Smith, S. E., and Read, D. (2008). Carbohydr. Bread, beer and wine: yeast domestication in the Saccharomyces sensu stricto complex. Environ. Thus, filtrates of B. firmus cultures induce paralysis and mortality of adult nematodes and larvae, including Radopholus similis, Meloidogyne incognita, and Ditylenchus dipsaci, which suggests that the synthesis of toxic metabolites (Mendoza et al., 2008) is involved in the control of these pests. 40, 20162020. Lett. doi: 10.5935/0100-4042.20150094, Pires, A. L. R., and Moraes, A. M. (2015). doi: 10.1128/AEM.03114-15, Marasco, W. A., and Sui, J. Bior. A biotechnological process involving filamentous fungi to produce natural crystalline vanillin from maize bran. 52, 289297. doi: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.03.008, Rodriguez-Carmona, E., and Villaverde, A. Trichoderma spp. Eng. The polygenic basis of the high acetic acid tolerance present in some strains of S. cerevisiae is still unknown, but its identification may lead to greater efficacy in improving acetic acid tolerance in strains without negatively affecting other industrially important yeast properties (Meijnen et al., 2016). Nematol. Sci. J. Med. Science 354, 11701173. Food Hydrocoll. doi: 10.3126/ijasbt.v4i2.15103, Abdel-Gawad, K. M., Hifney, A. F., Fawzy, M. A., and Gomaa, M. (2017). In addition, the technology for immobilization of these enzymes in prefabricated supports or polymer matrices improves their stability, activity, and selectivity, favoring their application and reuse for long periods in industrial reactors (Mateo et al., 2007; Sheldon, 2007). Non-specific effects of standard measles vaccine at 4.5 and 9 months of age on childhood mortality: randomised controlled trial. First, acting as starters in fermentations (in this case, GMOs or engineered microorganisms are not allowed). doi: 10.1111/aab.12240, Jones, E. E., Rabeendran, N., and Stewart, A. 7, 101109. However, despite the need for new antibiotics, only two new classes of antibiotics have been introduced in medicine since 1963, both of which are based on nalidixic acid (Brito and Cordeiro, 2012). In the manufacture of such vaccines, all genes that are not essential for replication are first eliminated from the virus. doi: 10.1517/14712598.2012.636348, Fu, Y. Q., Yin, L. F., Zhu, H. Y., Jiang, R., Li, S., and Xu, Q. Imp. In addition, the incorporation of immunological adjuvants and new methods of insertion of this material into cells of the host organism beyond the intramuscular and dermal routes have increased the popularity as well as the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines, since the action of nucleases can inactivate plasmid DNA. Lipases, for example, are used in the treatment of wastewater containing mainly triglycerides (Jamie et al., 2016). 2, 396409. Microbial factories for recombinant pharmaceuticals. Today 19, 590601. J. Appl. Zlatev, R., Magnin, J.-P., Ozil, P., and Stoytcheva, M. (2006). The application of biotechnological techniques to microbiology has also made it possible to obtain a great diversity of biomaterials and biosensors. Isolation and characterization of endophytic taxol-producing fungi from Taxus chinensis. Biological control of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica by Trichoderma harzianum. Technol. Environ. Metabolic engineering of a xylose-isomerase-expressing strain for rapid anaerobic xylose fermentation. (2006). Developing new colors for the food industry is challenging, as colorants need to be compatible with a food flavors, safety, and nutritional value, and which ultimately have a minimal impact on the price of the product. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. 81, 339344. Cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities of common indoor fungi. Pasteur, L. (2002). Science 323, 141144. Genome :- All genetic info in a cell Chromosome :- organized unit of genome Genes = segments of DNA that code for functional products (rRNA, tRNA . Alternatively, scientists can attach known genes (called reporter genes) that encode easily observable characteristics to genes of interest, and the location of expression of such genes of interest can be easily monitored. (2015) developed an important method that allowed the in situ growth of soil microorganisms not cultivable under laboratory conditions. Microbial pigments are categorized as secondary metabolites . New microorganisms still need to be evaluated for efficiency, more precise methods for immobilizing microbial cells still need to be developed, and the induction techniques need to be continuously evaluated because they may vary in terms of their efficiency depending on the analyte. In addition, microbial enzymes have been used to obtain natural scents and flavorings for foods (Carroll et al., 2016), although these compounds can often be directly obtained from the general metabolism of filamentous fungi, such as A. niger and Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, which can act together in a process that leads to the synthesis of vanillin, an important food flavoring, from autoclaved maize bran (Lesage-Meessen et al., 2002). Walsh, G. (2012). Asian Pac. Annu. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that antibiotic-resistant bacteria infect more than two million people annually (Nizet, 2015). If the miRNA is completely complementary to the target gene, then the mRNA can be cleaved. Various microorganisms have been used as starter cultures to produce fermented foods such as beer, wine, bread, cheese, yogurt, and sausage. 29, 263271. Indian J. Exp. With successive generations, the number of male and female mosquitoes with the bacterium tends to increase until the entire mosquito population bears this characteristic. The siRNA-RISC complex binds to mRNA and cleaves it. (1996). 82, 4122741236. Int. 4, 189202. Most organic acids are natural products or intermediates of the microbial metabolism present in important metabolic pathways (Sauer et al., 2008). Degr, R., Edwards, G., and Zhang, Z. J. Biotechnol. Res. Crop Prot. Recombinant DNA technology 3. These measures can limit exposure to Lyme-bearing ticks, which are common in many regions of the United States during the warmer months of the year. (2013). (2001). 1, 1015. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.04.044, Gal, J. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02320-15, Mulchandani, A., Mulchandani, P., Kaneva, I., and Chen, W. (1998). For example, the naturally occurring antibiotic synthesis pathways of various Streptomyces spp., long known for their antibiotic production capabilities, can be modified to improve yields or to create new antibiotics through the introduction of genes encoding additional enzymes. Fermented Beverages. (2007). Nematologica 13, 825835. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-27951-0-9, Cohen, S. N., Chang, A. C., Boyer, H. W., and Helling, R. B. Zinder, N. D., and Lederberg, J. doi: 10.1534/genetics.109.112144, Bharadwaj, S., Mitchell, R. J., Qureshi, A., and Niazi, J. H. (2017). Int. LWT Food Sci. Appl. Loperon: groupe de gnes expression coordonn par un oprateur. (2016). Glycerol production by microbial fermentation: a review. Chirality 20, 519. Poly(Hydroxyalkanoates) composites and their applications, in Green Polymer Composites Technology, ed. 5, 14. Many bacterial strains of Bacillus, Hydrogenomonas, Methanomonas, Methylomonas, and Pseudomonas have been used as substrate for the production of S on an industrial scale because these bacteria can contain approximately 80% crude protein in the total dry weight. Technol. Watson and Cricks identification of the structure of DNA in 1953 was the seminal event in the field of genetic engineering. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.10.001, Accinelli, C., Abbas, H. K., Little, N. S., Kotowicz, J. K., Mencarelli, M., and Shier, W. T. (2016). Rev. Sci. doi: 10.1002/bbb.1663, Luengo, J. M., Garcia, B., Sandoval, A., Naharro, G., and Oliveira, E. R. (2003). These microbial lipases are being employed in the hydrolysis of milk fat, improving the aromatization of dairy products. (2016). 133, 458460. 16, 337353. 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